English 101 Culminating Project: Real Horror Ethnography - Stewart - Fall 2022

From LMU's Primary Sources 

This table lists the definition, characteristics, and examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary sources.

1. Identify Your Subject

 Identify your subject by reading basic background information including encyclopedia articles, introductory books, and museum websites. These words can be used as your keywords when you search in the databases.

Try to answer the following questions:

• Who: Names of significant people, movements, or organizations

• When: Beginning and ending dates for individuals or events

• Where: Watch for place name changes in the past

• What: Significance of subject can affect how many records from the past still exist

• More info: Watch for further references or citations to find additional information

For example, if the topic is "non-violent protest inspired by Gandhi and the Montgomery Bus Boycott" you might have the following answers:

• Who: Martin Luther King, Jr, Rosa Parks, Women’s Political Council (WPC), Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), Ralph Abernathy, Claudette Colvin, Edgar Daniel (E.D.) Nixon, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

• When: 1955-1956 (ending on December 20, 1956)

• Where: United States; Southern States/South; Montgomery, Alabama

• What: The Civil War soldiers suffered a huge mortality and injury rate, and witnessed terrible carnage 

2. What Sources?

Think about the types of records or documents that would have been created at the time period surrounding events and issues related to your topic. These are the sort of things you'll have to look for.

Here are some guiding questions (primary sources appear in parentheses): 

• What was life/society like at the time?  (magazines, chronicles, newspapers, artworks)
• What were the experience, beliefs, or priorities of relevant individuals / groups / organizations at the time? (autobiographies, interviews, diaries, letters, advertisements, manifestos)
• What was the government attitude? What was the government of the day saying? (proclamations, monuments, records of debates, legislation, law codes)
• How many people were involved in or affected by this issue / event? (statistics, official records, estimates based on material culture or remains)
• What were people being told, what did they communicate? (newspapers, artworks, photographs, letters, secret communications)
• What did things look like? (artwork, photographs, guide books for tourists, illustrations, postcards)

3. Use Special Keywords

Make yourself a list of keywords you can use to search for primary sources. In addition to describing your topic, your keywords should include special names for primary source materials.

Keywords that name and help find primary sources include: sources, documentary history, personal narratives, autobiographies, memoirs, eyewitness, correspondence, letters, diaries, advertising, newspapers, maps, artifacts, archives

Here's an example of searching primary sources on civil rights in OneSearch:

First, open OneSearch and select the "Advanced Search" option on the right side of the search box. This will open the advanced search page.

Next, on the Advanced Search page, enter the topic keyword and add other keywords that describe primary source types. For example, the topic is civil rights and the additional keywords are "memoir or autobiography or narrative or diary"

(Adapted from LMU's Primary Sources)

Here are some other keyword suggestions, depending on the type of source you need.

For legal research, cases, try "law reviews" or "legal cases."

For statistics, try "data sets" or "original research."

For literary criticism, try "literary criticism."